Energybloggers.

wind energy action

The energy crunch is a real worldwide crisis as fossil fuel supplies decrease and populations increase. Utility costs are going up in pace with the increasing demand for electricity. It's no wonder that the alternative energy arena is a quickly growing market with millions of dollars invested every year. And of these great clean renewable energy sources, wind and solar power show the most promise.

What is really exciting is the realization of the incredibly high level of abundance of energy that is radiated by the sun. The amount is actually quite unfathomable. Studies have shown that the amount of energy received from the earth by the sun in just one hour is enough to satisfy the entire world's electricity demand for an entire year! It really puts in perspective the grandeur of this almost endless source of energy.

When you think about it, the sun is really the source of all life on the planet as well as the driving force for all the weather patterns on earth. It is also the driving force behind every web of life and all of the earth's cycles. This leads us to the other nearly endless abundant source of energy: Wind.

As long as the earth spins on its axis and the sun radiates upon it, weather patterns and the winds that are produced will always occur. Weather patterns consist of the complex and often chaotic relationship between water, the sun's energy, and the cooling and heating of air masses throughout the atmosphere. It's a constant interaction and clashing of cool (low pressure) air masses and hot (high pressure) air masses with water molecules usually in vapor or condensed states. It's a very complex dance, but the result in many parts of the world is constant wind. One of the many places where winds blow constantly is the Great Plains region of North America, from northern Texas all the way to Canada.

Constant winds and the very simple yet efficient technology of wind turbines lead to a very clean and renewable source of electricity. Once again, the abundance of the source of energy is so great that it is difficult to put it in perspective. A study by Stanford University in 2005 showed that there is enough wind energy worldwide to satisfy 7 times the global demand. And that's if only 20% of all the wind is captured!

So why is it that the human beings on the planet have not collectively headed toward using solar wind energy to meet global demands on a large scale and fully replace fossil fuels? Why haven't large energy corporations and all governments invested trillions in wind and solar power by now? We all have a pretty good idea why, but that's a whole other article. The purpose of this article is to inspire a call to action for solar and wind power, and to inform the reader that the revolution toward renewable energy starts with you the individual! How you may ask? By making your own solar wind home energy system.

Making your own solar wind energy system is totally doable today in a very cost effective way. Home solar power systems these days can run between $20 and $50 thousand depending on capacity. But there is a resource where you can learn how to make your own photovoltaic panels and your own wind turbines for under $200. If you are interested or inspired to supplement your electricity and cut down costs, you have to check out Michael Harvey's manual for generating your own electricity. Remember the massive abundance of these energy sources, and you'll be inspired to help yourself and the earth as well.

About the Author:

At Esolarsite, we're excited about the promise of solar power and would love to share some information on products and tips regarding solar power.
Check out this great manual that will have your home made wind and solar power system set up in no time. Just go to:
Do it yourself solar wind power

Article Source: ArticlesBase.com - Home Made Solar Wind Power on a Budget

Mechanics / Physics crossword !!?

The pull of the earth on one -----= 9.8 newton (8)
Change in velocity divided by time taken (12)
A fresh weight for Sir Issac? (6 - last letter N)
Velocity equals distance travelled didvided by ------- (4)
Like action or reaction? (4)
Velocity and force are ---- (7)
Your most valuable equipment in experiments (4)
Physics is ---- special (5)
A wound up spring has --- energy (9)
It might make you move (5)
Shortened unit of electric current (3)
Newton's first law: a stationary object with no resultant force acting on it remains at --- (4)

I would really appriciate your help!!!

2nd one is acceleration
4th one is time
6th one is vectors
9th one is potential

that should help you get started at least

Energy Action Coalition Video Blog #2

Wind Energy $119.95 Wind Energy

Wind Energy (alternative Energy) $3.12 Wind Energy (alternative Energy)

Energy In Action The Transfer Of Energy $11.48 Energy In Action The Transfer Of Energy

Energy at Work (Energy and Action) $2.97 Energy at Work (Energy and Action)

Energy In Action Mechanical Energy $15.54 Energy In Action Mechanical Energy

Wind Energy Conversion, 1985 (wind Energy) $48.4 Wind Energy Conversion, 1985 (wind Energy)

Environmental Impacts of Wind-Energy Projects $60.75 Long a favorite of those who believe sustainability has a chance, wind power has nevertheless been surprisingly controversial. Aesthetics aside, wind turbines can kill flying wildlife and the regulatory framework of wind power is still immature in the US. This report considers the many ways wind power can affect the environment (including disruptions in air, water and habitat and commercial, aesthetic, social and political implications) to establish appropriately in action-space. Researchers explain the process of generating electricity from wind energy, the effects observed in the US (particularly in the mid-Atlantic highlands), the ecological effects of such development, the impact on humans in terms of health and well-being (in terms of electromagnetic interference in particular) as well as economic considerations. They provide a set of guidelines for wind energy'' planning, development, and the review of proposals.

Wind Energy Basics $26.95 Wind Energy Basics

Wind Energy Handbook $164.9 Wind Energy Handbook

Wind Energy Explained $97 Wind Energy Explained

Offshore Wind Energy $125.13 Offshore Wind Energy

Wind Energy Generation $77.6 Wind Energy Generation

Introduction to Wind Energy Systems $125.13 Introduction to Wind Energy Systems

Urban Wind Energy $94.57 Urban Wind Energy

Wind Energy Pocket Reference $19.35 Wind Energy Pocket Reference

European Wind Energy Technology $227 European Wind Energy Technology

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Wind Energy Engineering $90.38 Wind Energy Engineering

Promotional Discourse of Wind Energy $71 Promotional Discourse of Wind Energy

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Wind Energy Technology And Implementation $79.14 Wind Energy Technology And Implementation

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Wind Energy : 902771603X $138.11 Wind Energy : 902771603X

Wind Energy : 1604723262 $20.39 Wind Energy : 1604723262

Wind Energy (fuelling The Future) $16.76 Wind Energy (fuelling The Future)

Common Sense Wind Energy $6.84 Common Sense Wind Energy

Wind And Waves (energy Today) $177.9 Wind And Waves (energy Today)

Fundamentals of Wind Energy $234.56 Fundamentals of Wind Energy

Wind Energy: How To Use It $5.22 Wind Energy: How To Use It

Wind Energy Conversion 1996 $263.81 Wind Energy Conversion 1996

Wind and Power (Exploring Energy) $1.99 Wind and Power (Exploring Energy)

Wind Energy Conversion $188.7 Wind Energy Conversion

Energy In Action--Energy Resources: Use & Conservation $12.95 Students learn that we can harvest the power of nature from a variety of sources all around us: the sun, wind and water, the atom, energy stored in fossil fuels and the very heat of the planet itself. Discover what life was like before people learned to harness electrical energy and how energy-rich fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas helped fire the Industrial Reolution. Learn why these powerful energy resources are nonrenewable and in jeopardy of being used up as global energy consumption continues to rise. Students are encouraged to play an active role in energy conservation and harness energy from the sun by creating their own solar-powered oven.ulliGrades 5-8li23 minutes/ul

Wind And Surf (all Action) $2.58 Wind And Surf (all Action)

Wind Energy in Electricity Markets With High Wind Penetration $37 Wind Energy in Electricity Markets With High Wind Penetration

Wind-Diesel and Wind Autonomous Energy Systems $182.95 Wind-Diesel and Wind Autonomous Energy Systems

Wind Energy, 1987: Wind Turbine Shipments & Applications $200 Wind Energy, 1987: Wind Turbine Shipments & Applications

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Working Machines (Energy and Action) $5 Working Machines (Energy and Action)

Go and Stop (Energy and Action) $5 Go and Stop (Energy and Action)

Motion and Speed (Energy and Action) $3.97 Motion and Speed (Energy and Action)

Sink or Swim (Energy and Action) $3 Sink or Swim (Energy and Action)

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European Wind Energy Technology: State of the Art of Wind Energy Conve $60.46 European Wind Energy Technology: State of the Art of Wind Energy Conve

Wind Energy: Potential of Wind Energy in the European Community an Ass $127.27 Wind Energy: Potential of Wind Energy in the European Community an Ass

1999 European Wind Energy Conference: Wind Energy for the Next Milleni $412.95 1999 European Wind Energy Conference: Wind Energy for the Next Milleni

Optimal Control Of Wind Energy Systems $144.53 Optimal Control Of Wind Energy Systems

Energy From Wind, Sun And Tides $23.28 Energy From Wind, Sun And Tides

Advances in Wind Energy and Conversion Technology $222.13 Advances in Wind Energy and Conversion Technology

Wind Power - Sources of Energy (PB) $289.53 Wind Power - Sources of Energy (PB)

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natural gas basis pricing

Prices Of Cng

Generally, the price of natural gas is determined by market forces. Market forces such as the buying and selling of natural gas, which is dependant upon its supply and demand, are currently the main factors that determine the standard price of natural gas. Basically, there are two separate markets for natural gas known as the spot market and the futures market. Fundamentally, the spot market is an everyday trading in which natural gas is bought and sold on a daily basis at that specific time. It is known that the best place to obtain natural gas on a specific day is the spot market. As far as the futures market is concerned, the buying and selling of natural gas requires contractual binding for at least one month up to 36 months in advance. As an illustration, a buyer and seller can reach an agreement for the delivery of natural gas for the next three months from the time they enter into a contract. Natural futures are currently traded at the Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX).

On a national scale in the United States of America, the pricing and trading of natural gas happens at various locations. These numerous sites can be found all over the country and are known as "market hubs". Market hubs are usually situated at the meeting points of the main pipeline systems. In the United States of America, according to estimation, there are roughly more than 30 major market hubs. The market hub that has gained the most recognition in the United States is known as Henry Hub, which is located in Louisiana. Henry Hub is recognized for its reputation for trading natural gas futures on the NYMEX. Prices of natural gas are then revealed based on the considerable delivery amount and value at this center.

However, determining the price of natural gas is not a simple affair. As the prices of natural gas rely on the supply and demand for natural gas at that particular point of time, this brings about a transverse relationship for its prices across the main hubs. Location differential is the term that explains the distinct difference between the prices of Henry Hub and another hub. City gates are other main pricing locations that exist, apart from market hubs. Basically, distribution companies get gas from a pipeline, and these locations are called ‘citygates.' These centers, located in towns, cities or regions that have its own local government, provide another place for the pricing of natural gas.

Knowing that the pricing of natural gas is not a simple procedure, there are other opinions saying that the price of is not dependant of demand and supply per se. This is because the production of natural gas typically eliminates the cost of manufacturing gas. Pumping and piping are basically the only costs incurred to obtain natural gas. While petroleum based fuel has to be supported by certain production costs, this is not the case with natural gas. Natural gas does not only demand very little extraction cost, but also removes refining costs altogether. Furthermore, the costs associated with pipelines are reduced over a period of time according to the number of years in operation.

According to this school of thought, this leads to another alternative to natural gas pricing; which is fixing the price of natural gas to the rate of liquefied natural gas (LNG). This is quite commonly practiced on an agreement basis. As is well known, LNG is more readily available due to the fact that it can be carried without pipelines. However, LNG needs to be cooled and go through a process to be gasified again, causing it to become a little more expensive. But since a fixed market price for natural gas does not exist, countries can set the price based on agreements. For example, Europe sets gas prices regularly. India, for instance, has fixed the price of natural gas by classifying its users according to their amount of usage. Users are classified according to sectors where utility and fertilizers are seen as users having the greatest importance. This is followed by utilization of compressed natural gas in transportation, petrochemical and industry, besides small users. Another way that has been used to fix the price of natural gas is setting it through municipal gas companies.

Yet another option is to set the price of natural gas against the basket of crude imports. When the price of natural gas is linked to imported energy, its price will automatically take on a positive correlation with oil products.  This means that the price of natural will increase if the typical price of various oil-based products increases. Likewise, a decline in the price of crude imports will send the price of natural gas spiraling downwards. However, understanding that there is no absolute fixed price of natural gas, this is just a concept that has been systematically put together to create the notion of a floating price index.

Given the different options to pricing natural gas, different countries in the world have different prices. According to the Asian NGV Statistics by the Asian NGV Communications, Volume IV, Number 34, December 2009, the CNG price equivalent per litre gasoline is 0.29 in Armenia, 0.30 in Australia and 0.16 in Bangladesh. In Japan, CNG sells at the highest at 0.52 followed by Singapore at 0.46 and Korea, at 0.43. Iran offers the lowest rate at 0.025, followed by Egypt at 0.05 and Thailand at 0.11. Other countries such as India, China and Malaysia charge 0.24, 0.30 and 0.13 respectively. Indonesia charges 0.16, while Pakistan, 0.36 and Russia, 0.20.

About the Author

Need the forumula for calculating the price of natural gas and heating oil on an energy equivalent basis?

For example, natural gas is much lower cost right now than heating oil,but I would like to know how that is calculated so that I can apply the forumla so some historical data and track this relationship over time.

Natural gas is not much lower than oil.

But here are all the formulas you need:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/energy_calculator.html

algeria stop gas to Cairo bye bye 2010.

Natural Gas Pricing in Competitive Markets $18.44 Natural Gas Pricing in Competitive Markets

Natural Gas Pricing In Competitive Markets $136.95 Buy and sell [Natural Gas Pricing In Competitive Markets] at great prices.

Apec Energy Pricing Practices: Natural Gas End-Use Prices $35 Apec Energy Pricing Practices: Natural Gas End-Use Prices

European Natural Gas Demand, Supply, and Pricing $90 Natural gas is expected to be the fastest growing fossil fuel consumed in Western Europe in the coming decades. The purpose of this book is to better understand the actual and future trends of the European natural gas market by analysing the tendencies in demand, supplies, and prices.

Gas Usage & Value: The Technology and Economics of Natural Gas Use in $93.01 Gas Usage and Value addresses issues concerned with the development and sale of natural gas resources. The text overviews the worldas gas reserves and outlines the principal issues concerning composition and the cost of producing well head gas to make a specification product or extract particular components; operation and cost of gas plants; and the cost of transporting the gas to an end-user.pbrSeparate chapters deal with the use of gas in the downstream process industries. Gas usages for various technologies are described and alternatives are critically compared.pbrCosts for the downstream process industries are described on a self-consistent basis that allows comparison of alternatives. Estimates are presented for each technology on the cost of production as the gas price changes. Case studies are included to illustrate variations or specific points of relevance.pReader benefits:brProvides a handbook for performing cost-benefit estimates for gas usage and for pricing gas to the downstream processor;brDescribes all of the principal uses of gas, the quantity and quality of gas required, descriptions of the major issues, and key players for specific technologies;brCan be used as a teaching text for gas development and usage.

Telecommunications Pricing $149.23 The past decade has witnessed a surge of pricing innovations in the US telecommunications industry. This volume systematically reviews recent innovations in the economic theory of pricing and extends results to conditions that characterize telecommunications markets. It then examines the implementation of normative pricing theory in selected US telephone tariffs. The experience accumulated in the United States provides a rich and diverse data base and a laboratory for examining the practical consequences of pricing innovations. Throughout this volume the objective is to develop and illuminate the relationships between the normative economic theory of pricing--with its objectives of social welfare, economic efficiency, and fairness--and telecommunications pricing as it is practiced by business and regulators. In particular, the new pricing schemes are related to the theory of multiproduct and nonlinear pricing. The book describes the welfare and competitive properties of such pricing schemes and draws conclusions for future pricing problems in the areas of broadband networks and open network architecture. Many of the general theoretical pricing principles and lessons from US pricing experience should prove directly applicable to telecommunications services in other countries and to other industries, including electricity and natural gas supply, air and rail transportation, and postal and parcel services.The past decade has seen a surge of pricing innovations in the U.S. telecommunications industry. This book systematically reviews recent innovations in the economic theory of pricing and extends results to the conditions that characterize telecommunications markets. The authors develop and illuminate the normative theory of pricing--with its objectives of social welfare, economic efficiency and fairness--and compare it with the practice of business and regulators....an excellent survey of the theoretical literature on optimal pricing of utilities (with their own appl@b§\(õÂ?ÿ¾Úx

Economics Of Natural Gas $44.95 Natural gas resembles oil in fulfilling a wide variety of uses as both a source of energy and a feedstock, but the proportion of world production that is traded internationally is very much lower, and insufficient for a world price of gas to be established. This book addresses the issues of how the economic price of gas is determined. These are illustrated with estimates of the costs of exploration and production of gas, and of the benefits to be derived from its use in various economic sectors for a number of Third World countries. The book also presents a detailed case-study of the development of gas pricing in Bangladesh, and an analytical framework for the development of a formal gas planning model that could be applied to the cases of actual countries contemplating the development of gas use in the future.

Natural Gas $34.92 Natural Gas

Gas Usage And Value $94.04 Gas Usage and Value addresses issues concerned with the development and sale of natural gas resources. The text overviews the worlds gas reserves and outlines the principal issues concerning composition and the cost of producing well head gas to make a specification product or extract particular components; operation and cost of gas plants; and the cost of transporting the gas to an end-user. Separate chapters deal with the use of gas in the downstream process industries. Gas usages for various technologies are described and alternatives are critically compared. Costs for the downstream process industries are described on a self-consistent basis that allows comparison of alternatives. Estimates are presented for each technology on the cost of production as the gas price changes. Case studies are included to illustrate variations or specific points of relevance. Reader benefits: Provides a handbook for performing cost-benefit estimates for gas usage and for pricing gas to the downstream processor; Describes all of the principal uses of gas, the quantity and quality of gas required, descriptions of the major issues, and key players for specific technologies; Can be used as a teaching text for gas development and usage.

Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing $83.98 Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing gives engineers and managers complete coverage of natural gas transmission and processing in the most rapidly growing sector to the petroleum industry. The authors provide a unique discussion of new technologies that are energy efficient and environmentally appealing at the same time. It is an invaluable reference on natural gas engineering and the latest techniques for all engineers and managers moving to natural gas processing as well as those currently working on natural gas projects. * Provides practicing engineers critical information on all aspects of gas gathering, processing and transmission* First book that treats multiphase flow transmission in great detail* Examines natural gas energy costs and pricing with the aim of delivering on the goals of efficiency, quality and profit

Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing $91.5 Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing gives engineers and managers complete coverage of natural gas transmission and processing in the most rapidly growing sector to the petroleum industry. The authors provide a unique discussion of new technologies that are energy efficient and environmentally appealing at the same time. It is an invaluable reference on natural gas engineering and the latest techniques for all engineers and managers moving to natural gas processing as well as those currently working on natural gas projects. * Provides practicing engineers critical information on all aspects of gas gathering, processing and transmission* First book that treats multiphase flow transmission in great detail* Examines natural gas energy costs and pricing with the aim of delivering on the goals of efficiency, quality and profit

The Natural Basis Of Spiritual Reality $19.99 The Natural Basis Of Spiritual Reality

Natural Gas Market Review 2006 $104 Natural gas is essential to the world economy. Gas now accounts for almost a quarter of OECD primary energy requirements and is expected to become the second most important fuel in the world in the next decade.  Industrial and residential consumers increasingly rely on natural gas to keep their houses warm, their lights on and their factories running.  . Meanwhile the gas industry itself has entered a new phase. Where gas used to be restricted to regional markets, it is now increasingly traded on a global scale.  While gas production and transport requires long-term investment, now it is optimised on a short-term basis. Demand continues to grow, but local gas production has become much more expensive.   How should we react? How will demand be satisfied? What changes are required to promote flexibility and trade?  What are the implications for gas security, investment and interdependence? At stake is an opportunity to diversify supply and demand but this goal is threatened by barriers to competition and investment. . The Natural Gas Market Review 2006 is the first of a new IEA publication series.  It takes an unprecedented look at developments in natural gas to 2010, analysing not only the three IEA regions (Asia Pacific, North America and Europe) but also broader global trends, such as the interaction of pipeline gas with LNG which binds the regions together. The Review provides invaluable insights for understanding this dynamic market.

Effectively Managing Natural Gas Costs $113.67 Natural gas purchasing is generally deregulated on a federal or interstate basis. However, intrastate, there are many conditions that come into play which typically translate into higher costs for the commercial or industrial user. This book is intended to serve as comprehensive reference which can be used by the natural gas purchaser to sort out both the potential pitfalls that can negatively impact gas costs, and the opportunities for significant savings available to the informed user. Each step in the process of natural gas production and delivery to the marketplace is thoroughly examined, including production, inter/intrastate transportation, regulation, cost factors, local distribution, company structures, and deregulation processes. Also fully covered is the natural gas LDC billing process, and how understanding it can lead to significant savings

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Natural Gas Information 2004 (natural Gas Information) $69.99 Natural Gas Information 2004 (natural Gas Information)

Natural Gas Information (Natural Gas Information) $2.58 Natural Gas Information (Natural Gas Information)

Natural Gas [Bonus Tracks] $12.78 Natural Gas [Bonus Tracks]

The Economics of Natural Gas Storage $115.43 The Economics of Natural Gas Storage

High Noon For Natural Gas $22.5 High Noon For Natural Gas

Natural Gas in Nontechnical Language $76.63 Natural Gas in Nontechnical Language

Natural Gas Hydrates $121.25 Natural Gas Hydrates

Future of Natural Gas in Oklahoma $9.41 Future of Natural Gas in Oklahoma

Natural Gas Storage Valuation $68 Natural Gas Storage Valuation

Petroleum and Natural Gas in Oklahoma $42.5 Petroleum and Natural Gas in Oklahoma

The Conservation of Natural Gas in Kentucky $16.23 The Conservation of Natural Gas in Kentucky

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Compressed Natural Gas $43 Compressed Natural Gas

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Catechism on Natural Gas $20 Catechism on Natural Gas

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Field Handling Of Natural Gas $19.99 Field Handling Of Natural Gas

Natural Gas Prospects $15.28 Natural Gas Prospects

Natural Gas : 630428017320 $12 Natural Gas : 630428017320

The Fundamentals of Natural Gas Cooling $130 The Fundamentals of Natural Gas Cooling

A Guide to Natural Gas Cooling $46.63 A Guide to Natural Gas Cooling

A Guide To Natural Gas Cooling $3.33 A Guide To Natural Gas Cooling

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Guide To Natural Gas Cogeneration $140 Guide To Natural Gas Cogeneration

Petroleum, Asphalt And Natural Gas $24.77 Petroleum, Asphalt And Natural Gas

Natural Gas in the Internal Market $319.01 Natural Gas in the Internal Market

Plant Processing Of Natural Gas $63 Plant Processing Of Natural Gas

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Practical Natural Gas Engineering $98.82 Practical Natural Gas Engineering

Natural Gas: Prospects To 2000 $44.55 Natural Gas: Prospects To 2000

Fundamentals Of Natural Gas Cooling $51.12 Fundamentals Of Natural Gas Cooling

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Natural Gas: A Study, $12.59 Natural Gas: A Study,

Natural Gas Information: 2005 $286.95 Natural Gas Information: 2005

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The Natural Basis of Correspondences in the Hebrew Alphabet $9.84 The Natural Basis of Correspondences in the Hebrew Alphabet

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The Phenomena of the Universe or Natural History of the Basis of Natural Philosophy $10.3 The Phenomena of the Universe or Natural History of the Basis of Natural Philosophy

Practical Pricing $57.23 This book is about taking a theory, pricing, and translating it into an operational practice that can be used by a company on an everyday basis easily with maximum results. Pricing is divided amongst different parts of a company. Every department from marketing to sales to finance has some unique interest in Pricing but not one of those departments looks at Price holistically. This book provides, in detail, all the steps and input required to build out a pricing strategy and function. The book includes: what factors derail most pricing programs and pricing leaders and how to correct those issues; what are the recent development of Pricing roles in the past 10 years; what are the basic analyses required for pricing; why cultural considerations are critical to determining the success of pricing plans; and lastly how a pricing team can effectively work together to implement the strategy.

Internal Pricing $82.03 Internal Pricing surveys the transfer pricing literature with a focus on commonly-used pricing schemes using incomplete contracting models. Chapter 2 develops the basic symmetric information model to compare the performance of cost-based and negotiated pricing in the absence of external input markets. Chapter 3 considers market-based pricing and the role of internal price adjustments; it ignores investments and focuses solely on trading incentives. Chapter 4 adds investments to the model of Chapter 3 and shows that investment opportunities further strengthen the case for internal adjustments. Chapter 5 reconsiders the initial analysis of Chapter 2 for the case of asymmetrically informed divisional managers. The book ends with the author's conclusions and an appendix including the mathematical proofs. A key theme running through Internal Pricing is that the firm's central office (i.e., headquarters) plays a rather limited role in mediating individual transactions. This captures the stylized empirical fact that in most firms, headquarters designs the broad rules of the game by choosing a pricing mechanism and compensation contracts, but usually does not get involved in pricing on a product-by-product basis.

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